This is WHY flintlock pistols need to be controlled.

This is why flintlock pistols need to be controlled, to stop criminals & people like Man Monis from purchasing illegal pump action shotguns & cutting them down like this:

Makes sense doesn't it???!!!

https://au.news.yahoo.com/a/31204755/sydney-siege-inquest-monis-complained-to-remaining-hostages-should-have-shot-white-shirt-man/;

Long Term Wilderness Living/Survival.

Long Term Wilderness Living/Survival.

After the dust has settled & the survivors have left the cities to live in the bush, they will have to get down to some serious work in order to continue to survive. This also applies to those of us who already live in the bush, because our ties to the city will also be severed. Then, the equipment we have is all we have. There will be no new supplies of anything available to us. If the equipment we have chosen is not sustainable, then we will be in trouble in a very short period of time.

The same can be said of the skills we have at that time. Sure we can learn new skills, but just how much discomfort do you think you will suffer whilst you try to learn these skills? Whether it be making fire or making your own footwear, these skills are not learnt & certainly not mastered overnight, & one of the problems with using modern gear is that it does not teach you anything worthwhile.

My wife & I lived for over 20 years in the bush without electricity or any modern gadgets. We washed our clothes by boiling them in a copper. For light we made tallow candles & grease lamps. We grew our own food & I hunted meat for the table with a flintlock muzzle-loading gun. We started off this way living an 18^th century lifestyle & our level of comfort never dropped. IF we had started off using modern equipment, we would have finished up living a Stone Age lifestyle! Yes I have the ability to live a Stone Age lifestyle, I have the primitive skills & it is a very secure feeling knowing this, but I do not want to have to live that way, I like a certain level of comfort.

So my advice is, if you are really serious about being able to survive in the future should it all go pear shaped, take a good long hard look at the gear you have, & ask yourself “is it sustainable”? DO NOT defend your choices of equipment to save face, DO NOT defend your choices because of its monetary cost. We are talking about survival here, our ability to keep living, & our quality of life. Going camping for a weekend or a month is not a good way of reviewing your gear. It is fun, but it is nothing but just that. Fuel stoves, matches, ferocerium rods, canned foods, torches, radios, Bowie type survival knives, etc will not last or will not do a satisfactory job in keeping you alive & within your comfort zone. So start learning the skills that will keep you alive & enable you to live with a certain amount of comfort. Acquire the tools & equipment that will support you through long term wilderness living.

Now having said that, I would like to make it quite clear that I have nothing against modern firearms or modern medical supplies, & I think those life straws for purifying water sound great. BUT, if you are going to carry a modern firearm, keep it for defence only or your limited supply of ammunition is not going to last long if you use it for hunting as well. If you are travelling alone I suggest you carry a bow as well, & not a compound bow. Or if you are only going to carry one gun & no bow, get yourself a flintlock muzzle-loading gun.

If it all hits the fan before my next post (can’t see that happening), best of luck.
Keith.

Free West Papua Party of Australia: When will Australia get a PM that rights the wrong...

Free West Papua Party of Australia: When will Australia get a PM that rights the wrong...: This is a composition of input from different sources. Below is an image of our PMs Since 1961 when Sir Robert Menzies first he...

Australian Citizen charged with Murder for protecting his own family.

Father 'using force to defend family' charged with murder over death of intruder.

https://au.news.yahoo.com/nsw/a/31197892/newcastle-homeowner-charged-with-murder-after-holding-burglar-in-headlock/?cmp=st

This is what it is like in Australia, a country with a totally corrupt government. We are not allowed to own a gun for self-defence or the defence of our family, & if we harm an intruder we can be charged with assault or worse. Our government wants to disarm Australian citizens. If this happens, some citizens will have inadequate defence against home invasion.

Useful Information For On The Trail.

Not all of this will be relevant to your situation should you have to leave your home if or when the SHTF. But modern guerrilla warfare was based on the following 18th century rules, & I think they are worth taking note of.
Keith. 

Rogers Rangers Standing Orders 1759.

1.  Don't forget nothing.
2.  Have your musket clean as a whistle, hatchet scoured, sixty rounds powder and ball, and be ready to march at a minute's warning.
3.  When you're on the march, act the way you would if you was sneaking up on a deer.  See the enemy first.
4.  Tell the truth about what you see and what you do.  There is an army depending on us for correct information.  You can lie all you please when you tell other folks about the Rangers, but don't never lie to a Ranger or officer.
5.  Don't never take a chance you don't have to.
6.  When we're on the march we march single file, far enough apart so one shot can't go through two men.
7.  If we strike swamps, or soft ground, we spread out abreast, so it's hard to track us.
8.  When we march, we keep moving till dark, so as to give the enemy the least possible chance at us.
9.  When we camp, half the party stays awake while the other half sleeps.
10.  If we take prisoners, we keep 'em separate till we have had time to examine them, so they can't cook up a story between 'em.
11.  Don't ever march home the same way.  Take a different route so you won't be ambushed.
12.  No matter whether we travel in big parties or little ones, each party has to keep a scout twenty yards ahead, twenty yards on each flank and twenty yards in the rear, so the main body can't be surprised and wiped out.
13.  Every night you'll be told where to meet if surrounded by a superior force.
14.  Don't sit down to eat without posting sentries.
15.   Don't sleep beyond dawn.  Dawn's when the French and Indians attack.
16.  Don't cross a river by a regular ford.
17.  If somebody's trailing you, make a circle, come back onto your own tracks, and ambush the folks that aim to ambush you.
18.  Don't stand up when the enemy's coming against you.  Kneel down, lie down, hide behind a tree.
19.  Let the enemy come till he's almost close enough to touch.  Then let him have it and jump out and finish him with your hatchet.

Survival as Recreation & a Social Activity.

Prepping for survival can be a lot of fun, & I think it should be enjoyed. But treating survival solely as a recreational activity is not really preparing for survival. It can be fun to join a survival forum as a social activity, but if this is all it is, then you are not going to survive a major event.

If you are someone who thinks that a fuel stove is a good addition to your survival gear, then you are not really serious about surviving if or when the SHTF. If you are someone who defends their poor choices of survival gear by saying "when I run out of fuel for my stove I will throw the stove away", then you are not serious about survival.

Long term wilderness survival, whether at your bush homestead or simply living in the bush, requires a "sustainable" outlook. Anything that has not got a reasonable chance of lasting the distance is a waste of space in your pack & extra weight that you do not need.

If you think that a radio, a battery operated torch & a solar battery charger are more important than food & water, then you are not serious about survival. We will always need more water, more food & more ammunition. There will always have to be a compromise between minimum weight & maximum self-reliance. Think about that, minimum weight & maximum self-reliance. Everything you put into your back pack should be chosen with these two important factors in mind.

If you are someone who ignores the above advice, then you are NOT serious about survival. Unfortunately there are many people who think this way on survival forums, & for those of us who are serious about our survival, this is very frustrating. We all love to share & learn, but if we are not learning anything useful, & we are not being taken seriously in our posts, then what is the point in us being on that forum? 

A quick note about modern firearms. A modern gun is by far the best tool for defence, but in terms of sustainability it rates pretty low. A .22 is probably a good choice, because the ammo weighs less than most other modern ammo choices. But if you are going to use this arm for hunting & defence, then you will use up a lot of ammunition. If you carry a bow as well as the gun & set up a trap line at you final destination, then this will help conserve your firearm ammunition for defence only.

My choice as most know is the muzzle-loading gun, & I will post a list of reasons why I choose this tool above a modern gun at the end of this writing. But I will not be alone, I will have others to carry modern firearms for defence, our group also includes some archers, including myself, so we are well covered. My theory on long term wilderness living is also known to many, I believe that anyone starting out with the main bulk of equipment being modern gear will eventually be reduced to living a stone age lifestyle as items start to malfunction & wear out. Where as someone who starts off  with mostly 18th century gear will never drop below that level of comfort & security.

Remember, though certain survival situations may require a military style outlook (militia), there will be NO supply drops! You are on your own. If you gear breaks down it is gone. If you run out of something that can not be replaced from nature, it is gone! 

Good luck & stay in touch.

Keith.

Advantages of a Flintlock Muzzle-loader.

1)   Ammo is less expensive than a modern equivalent caliber firearm.

2)  The smoothbore is very versatile, being able to digest round ball, bird shot, & buckshot, or any combination of two of these (can also use minies).

3)  The fusil is lighter to carry than a modern equivalent sized gun.

4)  You can vary the load if needs be.

5)  The smoothbore will digest other projectiles besides lead.

6)  Lead can be retrieved from downed game & remoulded with a simple mould & lead ladle. This means that you can carry less lead, & more of the lighter gunpowder.

7)  You can make your own gunpowder.

8)  You can use the lock to make fire without the need for gunpowder.

9)  You can use gunpowder for gunpowder tinder fire lighting if needs be.

10)        IF the lock should malfunction (these are very robust & it is not likely) you can easily repair it if you are carrying a few spare springs & a few simple tools.

11) If you do not have any spare parts & the lock malfunctions, you can easily convert it to a tinderlock or matchlock & continue using it.

12)        You do not need a reloader, brass shells, caps, or primers. The latter have been known to break down in damp conditions or if they are stored for too long.

13)         Wadding for ball or shot is available from natural plant materials or homemade leather or rawhide.

14)       Less chance of being affected by future ammunition control legislation.

15)        Gunpowder is easily obtainable providing you have a muzzle-loader registered in your name regardless of caliber (only NSW is looking at this legislation at present).

16)       A .32 caliber flintlock rifle is more powerful than a .22 rimfire, less expensive to feed, more accurate over a greater distance, able to take small & medium sized game, & other than not being able to use shot (unless it is smoothbore), it has all the attributes of the other flintlocks.

17)        Damage from a .62 caliber-.75 caliber pistol or long arm is in the extreme. Wounded prey is unlikely to escape.

18)         By using buck & ball you are unlikely to miss your target. This load is capable of taking out more than one target.

19)        There is less kick-back to a muzzle-loading gun.

20)       Antique Flintlock muzzle-loading guns do not require a license, registration, or a permit to purchase in NSW Australia.

This is a list of equipment that I carry:

Equipment List.

·      .62 cal/20 gauge flintlock fusil. 42 inch barrel.

·      .70 caliber smoothbore flintlock pistol.

·      Shot pouch and contents.

·      Leather drawstring pouch of .60 caliber ball (in knapsack).

·      Powder horn.

·      Butcher/Hunting knife.

·      Legging knife.

·      Clasp knife.

·      Tomahawk.

·      Fire bag.

·      Tinderbox.

·      Belt pouch.

·      Fishing tackle in brass container.

·      Two brass snares.

·      Roll of brass snare wire.

·      3 Gunpowder wallets

·      Knapsack.

·      Scrip.

·      Ball mould and swan shot mould.

·      Lead ladle.

·      Tin Cup.

·      Water filter bags (cotton & linen bags).

·      Medical pouch.

·      Housewife.

·      Piece of soap and a broken ivory comb.

·      Dried foods in bags.

·      Wooden spoon.

·      Gun tools and spare springs.

·      Compass.

·      Whet stone.

·      Small metal file.

·      Oilcloth.

·      One blanket (Monmouth cap, spare wool waistcoat and wool shirt rolled inside blanket).

·      Two glass saddle flasks.

·      Length of hemp rope.

·      Bottle of rum.

Basic list of what I carry. This list is made up from items that we know were carried, from items that my research has shown were available, & from items that have been found, such as the brass snare wire. I am not saying every woodsrunner carried all these items, but I am saying that some woodsrunners may have carried all these items. From experimental archaeology results in historical trekking, I think the items I have chosen are a reasonable choice for any woodsrunner that is going to live in the wilderness for a year or more.

Woodsrunner’s Skills.

New England Colonial Living History Group 1680-1760.

This is a list of basic skills in which we expect an 18^th century woodsman or woods-woman to have some experience with in our group. There is no time limit set, learn in your own time & if we can help just ask.
Keith.

·      Flint & steel fire lighting

·      Wet weather fire lighting

·      Fire-bow fire lighting

·      Flintlock fire lighting

·      Flintlock use, service & repair

·      Marksmanship with either gun or bow.

·      Field dressing & butchering game

·      Blade sharpening

·      Tomahawk throwing

·      Making rawhide

·      Brain tanning

·      Primitive shelter construction

·      How to stay warm in winter with only one blanket

·      Cordage manufacture

·      Moccasin construction and repair

·      Sewing

·      Axe and tomahawk helve making

·      Fishing

·      Hunting

·      Evasion

·      Tracking

·      Reading sign

·      Woods lore

·      Navigation

·      Primitive trap construction & trapping

·      Open fire cooking

·      Fireplace construction

·      Clothing manufacture

·      Drying meat & other foods

·      Knowledge of plant tinders & preparation

·      Knowledge of native foods & preparation

·      Knowledge of native plants in the area and their uses for other than tinder and food.

·      Scouting/Ranging.

·      Basic first aid.

·      Finding and treating water.

·      General leather work.

Australian Gun Owners Fail To Support Each Other!!!

Well I guess all you gun owners better go out & purchase a bow, because if we can not be bothered to support each other in fighting gun control then we ARE GOING TO LOSE OUR GUNS!
I posted this petition about a month or so ago, & last time I looked, all I had was 262 signatures!!! 262; how many gun owners are there in Australia?
I advertised this petition on gun forums on Facebook, & on popular media outlets on the net, & 262 signatures is all I got. If this is any indication of how much we care about keeping our guns, then we are already lost. Oh but I forgot, SHE'LL BE RIGHT MATE!
https://www.change.org/p/members-of-the-legislative-assembly-of-new-south-wales-fair-and-sensible-firearms-legislation-for-muzzle-loader-users?recruiter=29128190&utm_source=share_petition&utm_medium=copylink

should we be more concerned with firearms or the criminals that use them

Gun Control - A Warning From Australia

US officials admitting one by one they created ISIL and Al Qaida

Ted Nugent on Gun Control - Some Of The best Words Ever Spoken

Gun Control -- No matter what your opinion, you need to see this

Kurt Russell Walks Off 2nd Interview on Gun Control [2 separate intervie...

Doorstop on ABCC Vote

BREAKING NEWS!! Confirmation for FEMA Camps, MARTIAL LAW and Gun Confisc...

Does any of this seem familiar to you here in Australia?!

ANONYMOUS IS BACK!! 2016 UNCOVERING THE NEW WORLD ORDER PLANS

Anonymous Message to the Australian Government & Law Enforcement Personnel

The best pro Gun Spokesman ever

Well Australia is totally stuffed then, because the Australian people allowed our corrupt government to confiscate ALL our semi-auto guns!!!!
Keith.

Heated Debate - "You're An Unbelievably STUPID Man Aren't You!" Piers Mo...

This tv interviewer is completely out of line & has no common sense what so ever. He has made this interview personal, & that is very wrong.
The interviewee is in my opinion totally correct. Guns CAN be & ARE being carried safely & there is no reason why this should be a danger to children in a school.
Just like Australia, England's citizens have lost their right to own a gun for self-defence, & ironically fools like this interviewer think that is a good thing. I wonder how he would feel if someone broke into his house, raped his wife & then killed her & he was unable to save her because he had no gun?!!!
If I did not own a gun, I may well not be alive today.
Keith.

Melbourne court rules random police checks 'not lawful'

http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-06-21/melbourne-court-rules-random-police-checks-27not-lawful27/4772154

Could this little bird halt one of the world's biggest mining projects?

Could this little bird halt one of the world's biggest mining projects?: Eric Vanderduys and April Reside have been studying a rare bird whose fate
could soon be sealed by mega-mining projects.  Here they tell us an
alarming story about how human avarice can drive extinction right before
our very eyes. 

The Black-throated Finch is an attractive little bird that survives in just
a tiny geographic area.  Unfortunately, much of its known geographic range
is about to be destroyed or greatly degraded as a result of rampant mining
and other land uses -- including one of the world's biggest mining
projects.

Given the great perils they pose for this rare bird, is there any chance
that these projects might not go ahead?

Sadly, not much.

Death of a thousand cuts

The Black-throated Finch lives in just a small pocket of habitat in central
Queensland, Australia. 

We all know Australia has a bad record of losing species.  Many have
already vanished, and roughly 1,700 more animal and plant species are
listed by the Australian Government as being seriously threatened.

Where threatened biodiversity is adversely affected by development,
so-called 'biodiversity offsetting' is a common tool applied to reduce the
threat. 

For instance, if a mining company was going to destroy a thousand hectares
of key habitat for a species, it might pay to protect a thousand hectares
of suitable habitat elsewhere.

But there's theory and then there is reality.  The extinction of a species
usually results from a fatal snowballing of interacting threats.  First a
few populations vanish.  Then more populations and perhaps entire
subspecies disappear.

Finally, only a handful of individuals remain.  If they collapse entirely,
it's often not for a single reason but for a number of reasons -- death by
a thousand cuts.

In a recent paper, we modeled the distribution of the Black-throated Finch
(Poephila cincta cincta) using bioclimatic data and Queensland's Regional
Ecosystem classification.

We overlaid existing and exploratory mining leases on the known and modeled
ranges of the bird.  Shockingly, around 60 percent of the bird's range
falls within active or exploratory leases.

Last stronghold under threat

The main stronghold for Black-throated Finches is the Galilee Basin, which
contains extensive coal reserves.

The Basin is a hotspot of proposed and existing coal mines, including the
massive Carmichael (Adani) mine, which would involve an investment of over
$16 billion.  This is in addition to a number of other mines (Alpha,
Kevin's Corner, China First, China Stone, and South Galilee) that already
exist in the region.

Collectively, these mines will span nearly 1,700 square kilometers, most of
which are open-cut mines where the land is essentially nuked for coal
extraction. 

And tragically, our analyses suggest that the massive Carmichael mine sits
right on top of the 'best of the best' habitat for Black-throated Finches.

Downhill slide

The Black-throated Finch is in serious trouble.  Its historical range is
collapsing as agriculture, grazing, and mining expand apace. 

Altogether, 80% of its original range is gone. 

Proposed offsets are unlikely to save the finch.  To be 'true' offsets, one
would need to take an area that is presently unsuitable for the finches and
somehow make it suitable.  That's highly unlikely to happen.

The most reliable way to avoid further declines of Black-throated Finches
would be to protect the precious areas of its prime habitat that still
survive.

Sadly, given the voracious push in Queensland for mega-mining projects like
Carmichael, this doesn't look very likely to happen. 

Not only would the Carmichael Mine be one of the world's biggest sources of
greenhouse gas emissions because of the massive carbon emissions its coal
would produce. 

But it could well be one of the final nails in the coffin for a charming
little bird -- whose chirpy calls once rang out across much of eastern
Australia.

A Woodsrunner's Diary: Food Preserving PDF.

A Woodsrunner's Diary: Food Preserving PDF.: http://www.history.org/history/teaching/enewsletter/volume5/images/factsheets.pdf

Adani - No still means no

Surviving On Meat Alone.

The story of two German geologists in Namibia at the start of World War Two: Henno Martin, Hermann Korn.

https://archive.org/stream/shelteringdesert007109mbp/shelteringdesert007109mbp_djvu.txt

Deer mass-poisoned - Taihape farmer speaks out

Now don’t tell me that roos, wallabies & walleroos don’t get poisoned in the same way as these deer!!! To say nothing of the rest of our native wildlife!
Keith.

1080 in Australia

Survival & Long Term Wilderness Living Chores. What will you be doing?

My wife says that if there are any modern gadgets that will make wilderness living more comfortable or survival more likely, then she would like to have them. My problem with most modern gadgets is that they don't in my opinion add to ones comfort, & they are not sustainable for the most part. Two types of people disagree with my way of thinking; those that have already invested in a multitude of modern gadgets & are not about to do it any other way, & those that are really not interested in long term wilderness survival, they are more into camping & pretending they are surviving.
I will agree that some modern gadgets could be useful in a "lost" situation, but long term, no, I don't think so. Fuel stoves for instance, even home made so called "hobo stoves" that burn wood. How much do these weigh? How much room to they take up in your pack? Do you seriously think that these are a priority? Is there nothing else that you would rather be carrying in there place?
If they are only carrying modern firearms, how long do you think the ammunition will last if it is used for defence & hunting? How much ammo can they carry to make it worthwhile? What if the firearm malfunctions? How many spare parts are they going to carry for their compound bows? What if they drop & break their ferocerium rods? By using & carrying all these gadgets, what primitive skills have they learnt ready for the time when this modern gear starts to break down?

http://www.gizfever.com/multifunctional-survival-tools-p-798.html;

http://survivalfrog.com/products/biolite-campstove-with-free-survival-grab-bag;

http://hiconsumption.com/2013/05/17-essential-camping-gadgets-for-the-great-outdoors/;

http://zombie.wikia.com/wiki/Non-Firearm_Projectiles

Battery powered torches for letting raiders know where you are! Solar panels for recharging heavy batteries, radios, hiking boots, compound bows. I wish I could remember now all the gadgets that have been recommended on various forums, but I dare say you can think of more yourself.

So when they get to where you are going in the wilderness with these various gadgets, what do you think they will be doing? What daily chores will they have? Water collection, collecting firewood, checking the trap line, hunting, ranging for security, on watch duty for security, cooking meals, boiling water for purification, dehairing animal hides, brain tanning animal skins, making clothing, making moccasins, fishing, foraging for food & tinder plants, smoking animal skins, digging toilet holes, preparing & tending gardens, perhaps constructing shelters or defenses, collecting Goonagurra for making matting & arrow shafts, making reed mats, bow making, arrow making, attending militia drill, can you think of more?
So tell me, where do these gadgets come into helping with these chores? How do they make life more comfortable? How do they help you survive? And whilst we are at it, are they sustainable? How long will they last?
Anyway, just something for people to think about.

Advantages of A Flintlock Muzzle-loader.

1)   Ammo is less expensive than a modern equivalent caliber firearm.

2)  The smoothbore is very versatile, being able to digest round ball, bird shot, & buckshot, or any combination of two of these (can also use minies).

3)  The fusil is lighter to carry than a modern equivalent sized gun.

4)  You can vary the load if needs be.

5)  The smoothbore will digest other projectiles besides lead.

6)  Lead can be retrieved from downed game & remoulded with a simple mould & lead ladle. This means that you can carry less lead, & more of the lighter gunpowder.

7)  You can make your own gunpowder.

8)  You can use the lock to make fire without the need for gunpowder.

9)  You can use gunpowder for gunpowder tinder fire lighting if needs be.

10)        IF the lock should malfunction (these are very robust & it is not likely) you can easily repair it if you are carrying a few spare springs & a few simple tools.

11) If you do not have any spare parts & the lock malfunctions, you can easily convert it to a tinderlock or matchlock & continue using it.

12)        You do not need a reloader, brass shells, caps, or primers. The latter have been known to break down in damp conditions or if they are stored for too long.

13)         Wadding for ball or shot is available from natural plant materials or homemade leather or rawhide.

14)       Less chance of being affected by future ammunition control legislation.

15)        Gunpowder is easily obtainable providing you have a muzzle-loader registered in your name regardless of caliber (only NSW is looking at this legislation at present).

16)       A .32 caliber flintlock rifle is more powerful than a .22 rimfire, less expensive to feed, more accurate over a greater distance, able to take small & medium sized game, & other than not being able to use shot (unless it is smoothbore), it has all the attributes of the other flintlocks.

17)        Damage from a .62 caliber-.75 caliber pistol or long arm is in the extreme. Wounded prey is unlikely to escape.

18)         By using buck & ball you are unlikely to miss your target. This load is capable of taking out more than one target.

19)        There is less kick-back to a muzzle-loading gun.

20)       Antique Flintlock muzzle-loading guns do not require a license, registration, or a permit to purchase in NSW Australia.

Woodsrunner’s Skills.

New England Colonial Living History Group 1680-1760.

This is a list of basic skills in which we expect an 18^th century woodsman or woods-woman to have some experience with in our group. There is no time limit set, learn in your own time & if we can help just ask.
Keith.

·      Flint & steel fire lighting

·      Wet weather fire lighting

·      Fire-bow fire lighting

·      Flintlock fire lighting

·      Flintlock use, service & repair

·      Marksmanship with either gun or bow.

·      Field dressing & butchering game

·      Blade sharpening

·      Tomahawk throwing

·      Making rawhide

·      Brain tanning

·      Primitive shelter construction

·      How to stay warm in winter with only one blanket

·      Cordage manufacture

·      Moccasin construction and repair

·      Sewing

·      Axe and tomahawk helve making

·      Fishing

·      Hunting

·      Evasion

·      Tracking

·      Reading sign

·      Woods lore

·      Navigation

·      Primitive trap construction & trapping

·      Open fire cooking

·      Fireplace construction

·      Clothing manufacture

·      Drying meat & other foods

·      Knowledge of plant tinders & preparation

·      Knowledge of native foods & preparation

·      Knowledge of native plants in the area and their uses for other than tinder and food.

·      Scouting/Ranging.

·      Basic first aid.

·      Finding and treating water.

·      General leather work.